基于单片控制的交流调速设计

文档编号:JD661  附任务书,答辩PPT,大图,文档字数:15905,页数:37

摘  要
与直流电动机相比，交流电动机具有结构简单、价格便宜、维护方便、惯性小等一系列优点，单机功率比直流电机高得多，电压容易做成高压，还能实现高速拖动。随着近代电力电子技术和计算机的发展以及现代控制理论的应用，交流调速的应用越来越广泛，本文对交流调速理论进行了介绍。本文重点研究了以单片机控制交流电动机的交流调压调速技术，交流调压调速是属于能耗转差的调速方法，主要用于笼形异步电动机。文中介绍了单片机对电动机的控制，阐述了晶闸管调压调速的原理以及其控制系统的工作原理，介绍了硬件系统的设计和软件系统的编制。硬件系统主要由8位单片机AT89C52控制，包括ADC0809、DAC0832、8279、LED数码管等芯片组成的外围电路。该系统功能齐全，只要将反馈信号采入单片机即可实现对被控量的闭环控制，其中使用了PID控制方法，能更加满足生产过程提出的各式各样的要求。软起动功能可实现降压起动，从而减少了起动设备的体积，节省了经费，控制参数的外部调整使之更适用于不同负载与场合的要求。实时显示功能可帮助使用者更直观地了解系统当前的工作情况。系统与感应电动机配合可获得较大的调速范围，抗干扰性较强，性能与价格比高，成本远低于变频调速系统，这使该系统具有较大的推广应用潜力。
关键词：  交流电动机  调压调速  AT89C52  PID控制

Abstract
Compares with the direct current motor, exchanges the electric motor to have the structure simply, the price small advantage, the maintenance convenient, the inertia small and so on a series of merits, the single plane power ratio direct current machine is much higher, the voltage is easy to make the high pressure, but also can realize high speed drives. Along with the modern electric power electronic technology and the computer development as well as the modern control theory application, the exchange velocity modulation application is more and more widespread, this article to exchanged the velocity modulation theory to carry on the introduction. This article with emphasis studied has pressed the velocity modulation technology by the monolithic integrated circuit control motor exchange accent, the exchange accent presses the velocity modulation belongs to the energy consumption Slipping velocity modulation method, mainly used in the cage shape asynchronous motor. In the article introduced the monolithic integrated circuit to the electric motor the control, elaborated the crystal thyratron accent presses the velocity modulation the principle by and its the control system principle of work, introduced the hardware system design and the software system establishment. The hardware system mainly by 8 monolithic integrated circuits AT89C52 control, the periphery electric circuit which including ADC0809, DAC0832, 8,279, chip and so on LED numerical code tube is composed. This system function is complete, so long as the feedback signal will pick into the monolithic integrated circuit then to realize to is controlled the quantity the closed-loop control, in which has used the PID control method, will be able even more to satisfy all kinds of request which the production process proposed. Soft start the merit prefers to realize falls presses the starting, thus reduced the trigger volume, saved the funds, the controlled variable exterior adjustment has caused it to be suitable for the different load and the situation request. The real time display merit prefers to help the user direct-viewing to find out the system current working condition. The system may obtain the bigger velocity modulation scope with the induction motor coordination, the anti-jamming stronger, the performance and the price are higher than, the cost far is lower than the frequency conversion velocity modulation system, this enable this system to have the bigger promoted application potential.
Key word: The motor adjusts  the pressure to modulate velocity   AT89C52   the PID control

目　　录
1 绪论 1
1.1 交流调速的发展状况 1
1.2 现代控制理论的发展 2
1.3 微型计算机控制系统的发展及其在调速系统中的应用 2
2 三相异步电动机交流调速 4
2.1 交流调速方案 4
2.1.1 改变电动机的磁极对数 4
2.1.2 变频调速 4
2.1.3 变转差率调速 4
2.2 调压调速原理和机械特性 4
2.3 基于单片机的的交流调压调速系统总体设计 8
3 交流调压主电路设计 10
3.1 主电路及其工作原理 10
3.1.1 主电路装置 10
3.1.2 主电路原理 10
3.2 交流调压调速控制主回路设计 11
3.3 同步输入电路及移相触发脉冲的产生 12
3.3.1 同步信号输入电路 12
3.3.2 触发脉冲线路与驱动电路 13
3.4 主电路参数及元器件选型 15
3.4.1 主电路参数要求 15
3.4.2 晶闸管选择 15
3.4.3 滤波电容的选择 15
3.4.4 阻容吸收电路参数计算 15
3.4.5 压敏电阻的选择 16
4 控制电路设计 17
4.1 单片机控制线路 17
4.1.1 单片机89C52的组成及引脚 18
4.1.2 A/D芯片ADC0809及其工作原理 19
4.1.3 D/A芯片DAC0832及其工作原理 20
4.1.4 键盘/显示器接口芯片8279 21
4.1.5 LED显示器 22
4.2 单片机的几个外围电路 23
4.2.1 时钟电路 23
4.2.2 复位电路 24
4.2.3 速度检测电路 24
4.2.4 过流、过压的检测保护电路 24
4.2.5 报警电路 25
4.3 PID调节模块控制原理和有关的设计 26
4.4 系统工作原理 27
5 系统软件的总体设计及流程图 29
5.1 主干程序 29
5.1.1 主程序及流程图 29
5.1.2 中断保护服务程序及流程图 30
5.1.3 键盘中断服务程序及流程图 30
5.2 子程序模块: 31
5.2.1 软起动子程序 31
5.2.2 键值处理子程序及流程图 32
5.2.3 PID子程序及流程图 33
5.2.4 子程序及流程图 34
结束语 35
参考文献 36
附录A　源程序
附录B　基于单片机的交流调压调速系统原理图

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