工作与激励
激励的性质
有两个略微不同类型的疑问典型地被在激励的讨论中处理。其中的一个是激励或组织的激励问题。为什么组织根本是活跃的？什么条件鼓励行为、决定行为的持续期或持续性和最后的终止？这个现象被包括组织的活跃性水平和它自身行为丰富的精力所解释。第二个问题包括行为的.什么决定活跃性带来的形式？一个组织在什么条件下会选择一个反应或其他？这个问题是解释一个组织在性质上不同的行为间所做的选择。
后面的问题——涉及方向或选择——这两个问题中对心理学者可能更重要……
所有的行为都是有动机的？这个问题的答案有些依赖于在动机标题包含的多种程序。我们将会按照较为普遍的实践把看做是唯一有动机的。
总的来说，我们看到动机的主要问题作为解释组织在不同自发的反应间所做的选择。虽然一些行为，没有在自发反应控制下的特殊的行为，被定义为没有动机的，这些人类所做过的成年人的行为总计可能会持续一个相当小的可能性。大多数个体在工作上所展示的行为就像他们在“就业市场”上的行为是自发的、结果上是有激励的一样，这是个合理的假设。
Work and Motivation
Victor H. Vroom
THE NATURE OF MOTIVATION
There are two somewhat different kinds of questions which are typically dealt with in discussions of motivation. One of these is the question of the arousal or energizing of the organism. why is the organism active at all ?What conditions instigate action, determine its duration or persistence and finally its cessation? The phenomena to be explained include the level of activity of the organism and the vigor of amplitude of its behavior. The second question involves the direction of behavior will take? Under what condition will an organism choose one response or another? The problem is to explain the choices made by an organism among qualitatively different behaviors.
The latter question--concerning direction or choice--is probably the psychologist...
Is all behavior motivated? The answer to this question depends which are subsumed under the heading of motivation. We will follow the relatively common practice of viewing as motivated only the behaviors that are under central or voluntary control...
To sum up , we view the central problem of motivation as the explanation of choices made by organisms among different voluntary responses. Although some behaviors, specifically those that are not under voluntary control ,are defined as unmotivated ,these probably constitute a rather small proportion of the total behavior of adult human beings .It is reasonable to assume that most of the behavior exhibited by individuals on their jobs as well as their behavior in the "job market" is voluntary ,and consequently motivated.
