论哈代综合悲剧观的体现和形成原因

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Abstract: Thomas Hardy as the most famous writer of 19th century, is called “the father of tragedy” .In his series of novels, he mainly criticizes the capitalist civilization. In the Victorian period . The capitalist invasion of rural areas made peasants confront bankruptcy . As a result, the life of the people in the villages was very miserable. Hardy witnesses the tragic scenes of the people in the rural areas and he supposes all of the scenes are caused by capitalism. As a humanist, Hardy wants to search for a way to rescue the people, but because of the limitations of the society and Hardy himself, he can’t find a correct way, thus the thoughts of Hardy also experience a series of changes. He is effected by The Theory Of Evolution and The Theory Of The Social Evolution, meanwhile he forms his own theory. Instead of finding a correct way, he gradually forms the tragic attitude. Tess as one of the most famous novels by Hardy; Hardy’s comprehensive tragedy was totally expressed in Tess. The thesis mainly through analyze the three reasons of   tragic fate of Tess and the reasons of Hardy’s comprehensive tragedy to represent what is Hardy’s comprehensive tragedy.
Key Words: fatal tragedy; character tragedy; social tragedy; comprehensive tragedy; capitalism civilization

论哈代综合悲剧观的体现和形成原因
摘  要：托马斯哈代是19世纪英国著名的小说家，哈代中后期的小说带有浓重的悲剧色彩，因此哈代被誉为“悲剧之父”。 他对资本主义文明的发展采取了坚决批判的态度。在19世纪中叶，资本主义侵入农村，资本主义机器文明的侵入致使农村大量的手工业者面临破产的境界。哈代亲眼目睹了这一切，作为一个人道主义者，哈代想要找到一条出来解决这一情况，但由于时代和自身的局限性，哈代并没有找到解决办法，他接受了达尔文的进化论以及叔本华的社会进化论，并从中形成了自己的理论---向善论，在哈代这一系列的探索中，哈代逐渐形成了自己的悲剧观，在哈代的小说《苔丝》中，这种悲剧色彩尤为明显。本文旨在通过对苔丝悲剧命运的解析，来阐述哈代的综合悲剧观以及深入探讨分析哈代的综合悲剧观形成的原因，以及其具体表现。
 关键词：命运悲剧；性格悲剧；社会悲剧；综合悲剧观；资本主义文明

CONTENTS
Introduction 1
 1. Brief Introduction of Thomas Hardy and Tess of the D’udbervilles 1
 1.1 The Main Content of Tess Of The D’udbervill 1
1.1.1 The Brief Introduction of The Creation 1
1.1.2 The Evolution of Tess of The D’udbervilles 2
 2. Thoma Hardy’s Expression of Comprehensive Concept of Tragedy in Tess of The D’udbervilles 2
2.1 Thomas Hardy’s Comprehensive Concept of Tragedy Embodyed in Tess’s Fatal Tragedy 3
 2.2. Thomas Hardy’s Comprehensive Concept of Tragedy Embodyed in Tess’s Social Tragedy 4
 2.3. Thomas Hardy’s Comprehensive Concept of Tragedy Embodyed in The Tragedy of Tess’s Character 5
 3. The Reasons of Thomas Hardy’s Formation of The Comprehensive Concept of Tragedy 6
 3.1 Hardy’s Growth Environment Making Effects on Forming Hardy’s  Comprehensive Concept of Tragedy  6
 3.2 The Social Changes of Making Effects in Forming Hardy’s Comprehensive Concept of Tragedy .6
 3.3 The Religions and SomeFamousTheories of Making Effects inForming Hardy’s
 Comprehensive Concept of Tragedy 8

4. Conclusion 8

Bibliography 11

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