我国国家赔偿中精神损害赔偿问题探析

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摘    要

国家赔偿制度的建立，当说是中国社会的一大进步，它使得那些因为国家侵权行为而受到损害的公民获得了向国家公权力部门追讨的权利，在督促国家机关工作人员依法办事的同时也有效的保护了公民的合法权益，实现了社会的公平正义。然而近几年不断发生的冤案却将我国《国家赔偿法》的弊端暴露出来——国家赔偿法并未对精神损害赔偿作出相关规定。这使得公民的合法权益得不到全面有效的保护，阻碍了和谐社会的建立。本文试从我国《国家赔偿法》中有关赔偿范围的立法缺陷出发，对我国未建立国家侵权精神损害赔偿制度的历史原因和现实原因进行了分析，进而阐述了在国家赔偿中确立精神损害赔偿的必要性与可行性，并结合我国国情提出了完善国家赔偿中的精神损害的几点构想。

关键词  精神损害赔偿  国家赔偿  国家侵权

A Study of Compensation for spiritual damages in Chinese State Compensation 
Abstract
Undoubtedly, the establishment of the State Compensation System is one of Chinese largest improvements, which gives right to the citizens to require their compensations from State Right Division which caused by government tort. This system supervises the officers to do everything according to laws as well as protects the citizens’ legal rights, meanwhile, it realizes the justice of the society. However, the continuous wrong cases happened in recently years indicated the disadvantage of the State Compensation–not any related regulations in this law are about the compensation for mental injury. Therefore, the citizen legal rights can’t be protected completely and the establishment of the harmony society is be hindered because of this disadvantage.  Based on the shortage of the State Compensation in its content, this thesis aims to analyze the historic and realistic reasons why our country has not established the system of compensation for mental injury yet. Then the author further formulates the necessary and possibility of establishing the system of compensation for mental injury in this law. What’s more, the author mentions some viewpoints on improving the mental injury compensation system in the current state compensation system according to our national conditions.

Key Words: Compensation for Spiritual Damages, State Compensation,    Government Tort

目  录

摘  要.............................................................Ⅰ
Abstract...........................................................Ⅱ
前  言.............................................................1
一、我国精神损害赔偿制度的实施现状.................................2
（一）精神损害赔偿在我国法律中的体现...............................2
1．《民法通则》中关于精神损害赔偿的规定............................2
2．《国家赔偿法》中关于精神损害赔偿的规定..........................3
（二）我国法学界各学者对我国国家赔偿中规定精神损害赔偿的观点.......3
二、精神损害赔偿未纳入我国国家赔偿法的原因.........................6
精神损害赔偿未纳入我国国家赔偿法的历史原因.........................6
精神损害赔偿未纳入我国国家赔偿法的现实原因.........................6
1．精神损害的无形性决定了国家难以对其侵权行为进行量化..............6
2．精神赔偿心理定位的非价值性决定了精神赔偿的非可取性..............6
3．国家财力的有限性决定了精神损害赔偿的非现实性....................7
三、精神损害赔偿纳入我国国家赔偿范围的必要性和可行性...............8

（一）精神损害赔偿纳入我国国家赔偿范围的必要性.....................8
1．体现现代法治精神，符合国际立法趋势..............................8
2．有利于保护公民的合法权益，体现和谐社会的精神....................8
3．体现法律主体的平等性，有利于我国法律体系的完善..................9
4．有利于监督国家机关工作人员依法办事，防止其权利滥用..............9
（二）我国精神损害赔偿纳入国家赔偿范围的可行性.....................10
1．我国具备将精神损害赔偿纳入国家赔偿法的物质基础..................10
2．我国具备将精神损害赔偿纳入国家赔偿法的社会基础..................10
3．我国具备将精神损害赔偿纳入国家赔偿法的法律基础..................10
四、将精神损害赔偿纳入国家赔偿范围实施方案的探讨...................12
（一）国家侵权适用精神损害赔偿的归责原则...........................12
（二）国家侵权适用精神损害赔偿的原则...............................13
1．国家主动赔偿与受害人求偿相结合原则 .............................13
2．抚慰为主、赔偿为辅原则..........................................14
3．赔偿数额适当限制原则............................................14
4．法官自由裁量权原则..............................................14
（三）国家侵权适用精神损害赔偿的范围...............................15
1．生命健康权......................................................16
2．名誉权、荣誉权、人格尊严权......................................16
3．人身自由权......................................................16
4．政治权利和受教育权..............................................16
5．财产权..........................................................17
（四）国家赔偿中精神损害赔偿的立法模式.............................17
结  论 ............................................................19
参考文献...........................................................20
致   谢............................................................21

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