1946：《中华民国宪法》评析

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摘要
宪政立法作为人民主权原则的具体体现，是国家实行法治的前提和基础，它直接决定着一个国家的民主法治进程。1946年《中华民国宪法》是旧中国制宪史上最后一部宪法，它是在政治协商会议已经召开、并通过了宪草修改十二条原则的背景下由非国民党人士起草的，它在孙中山五权宪法的基础上汲取了充分的外国宪政理念，不仅留下了形式完备的宪法文本，而且留下了宪政立法的宝贵历史经验。但是虽然这部宪法带有一定的民主性质或色彩，其法典本身在分权与制衡、人权观等方面也较有进步性，但是民主政治的达成除了需要具备施行宪政的政治条件和社会现实外，仍然要看统治者是否有实行宪法的诚意，国民党因其限制了自己的权力而对其非常不满，因此它必然无法施行而更多地体现为一部纸面宪法。

关键词：1946年《中华民国宪法》，宪政，进步性

Abstract
Constitution, as the symbol of the sovereignty of people, is the foundation of running the country according to law. It decides to a country’s development of legal system. The ROC Constitution in 1946 is the last constitution in china’s feudal history and was written by non-Kuomintang persons after the political consultative conference. On the basis of Sun Yat-sen's Five-Power Constitution, this version adopted the foreign constitutional theories. The ROC Constitution was inherited in a complete text and taught us precious experience. Although its democratic features, the constitution itself made some progress on balance of power, restriction of power and human rights. When a political system ready to accomplish, it needs not only the exterior political conditions, but also the attitudes of the governors. Because the constitution has restricted the power of the Kuomintang, thus they would not carry out this constitution in terms of their own benefits, but made this constitution only a paper.

Keywords：ROC Constitution in 1946，constitutional government，advancement

目 录
摘要 ................................................................III
Abstract ............................................................IV
前言................................................................. 1
一、1946年《中华民国宪法》产生的背景................................. 1
二、1946年《中华民国宪法》的主要内容................................. 3
(一)关于国家性质 .....................................................3
(二)关于人民的自由权利 ...............................................3
(三)关于政府体制 .....................................................3
(四)关于国家权力机关..................................................4
(五)关于中央与地方权限之划分......................................... 4
三、1946《中华民国宪法》的历史进步性 .................................4
（一）立法技术达到较高水准 ...........................................4
（二）对民主原则进行了肯定............................................5
（三）政治体制设计一定程度上体现了权力分立、制约的宪政精神 ...........5
四、1946年《中华民国宪法》的缺陷 .....................................6
（一）缺乏合法性和权威性............................................. 6
（二）缺乏契约性..................................................... 6
（三）法律文本与政治现实间存在巨大落差 ...............................7
结语................................................................. 8
参考文献.............................................................10
致  谢 ..............................................................11\

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