试论孟德斯鸠的政体观

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摘   要
孟德斯鸠作为法国十八世纪杰出的政治哲学家、启蒙思想家、资产阶级理论的创始人和资产阶级法理论的奠基人之一，他的思想和理论涉及面非常广泛和精深。其中的政体思想所包含的内容十分丰富，主要包括：政体的分类（将政体划分为共和政体、君主政体和专制政体）、政体的性质、政体的原则（共和政体的原则是美德；君主政体的原则是荣誉；专制政体的原则是恐怖）、政体同法律等社会事实的关系、对各种政体的评价以及政体与政治自由等诸多内容，其丰富的政体思想蕴涵着深刻的法治、自由和平等精神。这其中既有值得褒扬的能启迪人们思想进步、推动世界文明发展的深邃思想和精辟理论，如他主张健全法制、实行法治、保障公民权利、反对公开确认不平等和极端平等。同时他的政体思想也有存在瑕疵的地方，需要我们细致的明辨。
关键词：  孟德斯鸠  政体  法治  自由  平等
                  

On Montesquieu's Point of View about Forms of  Government

Abstract
Montesquieu as a distinguished French political philosopher , thinker of the Enlightenment on 18th century ,The founder of the theory of bourgeoise and the one of  the legal theory of the bourgeoisie, whose ideological and theoretical involved is very extensive and profound. They contained various of government including: the  classification of governments ( to be divided into the republic ,the monarchy and the dictatorship ), the nature and the principle  governments (the republic is virtue ,the monarchy is of honor and the dictatorship is terrorist ), the relationship among the governments ,the law,the social fact and the uation of the various political freedom and so on. Are  rich contains in the profound the spirit of rules of law ,freedoms and equalities. Among these ,there are worthy celebrating deep thinkings  and brilliant theories which can  inspire the people and  promote the development of  world civilization. Such as ,he advocated improving the legal system ,practicing ruling by law ,protecting civil right and opposing the public recognition of extreme inequality and equality. At the same time ,he  is also thinking that there are  also flaws of governments which need to be distinguished in detail.
Key words: Montesquieu; government;rule of  law；freedom; equality

目   录
摘要………………………………………………………………………………Ⅱ
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………Ⅲ
引言………………………………………………………………………………1
一、孟德斯鸠政体分类及其原则…………………………………………2
（一） 政体的分类……………………………………………………………2
1. 共和政体………………………………………………………………………2
2. 君主政体………………………………………………………………………3
3. 专制政体………………………………………………………………………4
（二） 各种政体的原则……………………………………………………4
1. 共和政体的原则………………………………………………………………4
2. 君主政体的原则………………………………………………………………5
3. 专制政体的原则………………………………………………………………6
二、孟德斯鸠对各种政体的评价……………………………………………7
（一）对共和政体的评价……………………………………………………7
   （二）对君主政体的评价……………………………………………………7
   （三）对专制政体的评价……………………………………………………8
三、孟德斯鸠政体观之精神…………………………………………………10
   （一）法治………………………………………………………………10
   （二）自由………………………………………………………………11
   （三）平等 ………………………………………………………………12
结束语…………………………………………………………………………14
参考文献…………………………………………………………………….15
致谢………………………………………………………………………….16

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